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  CFA一级考试难度,CFA考试通过率多少,带大家来学习一下CFA一级学科的要点

         cfa
  
  期望、方差和协方差
  
  变量的期望,方差,协方差
  
  1Expected value 期望
  
  1)cfa公式
  
  2)理解:
  
  期望其实就是全概率cfa公式的应用。我们在学平均数的时候提到了加权平均,其实期望本质也是一种加权平均。
  
  2Variance方差
  
  1)cfa公式
  
  2)理解
  
  每一个值和期望值作差,平方,然后乘以它对应的概率之后,求和。计算方差的过程就是对变量和期望之间差的平方求期望的过程,方差的cfa公式可写成:
  
  3Standard deviation标准差
  
  将方差开根号就得到了标准差
  
  组合的期望和协方差
  
  1Expected value组合的期望
  
  1)cfa公式
  
  2)理解
  
  在一个portfolio中,不只有一个资产,每一个资产有它对应的期望收益。组合的期望收益就是每一个资产所占的比重乘以它对应的期望收益,再求和。wi是资产i在组合中的比重,ER1是资产i的期望收益。
  
  2Covariance组合的协方差
  
  1)cfa公式
  
  (2)理解
  
  ● Covariance measures how one random variable moves with another random variable表示的是两个变量之间变动方向是否一致
  
  ● The covariance of Ra with itself is equal to the variance of Ra变量和自身的协方差等于其方差。
  
  ● Covariance 协方差取值范围是 −∞, +∞
  
  CFA考试随学随练
  
  【例9-9】The covariance of returns for two stocks:
  
  A. must have a value between -1.0 and +1.0
  
  B. must have a value equal to the weighted average of the standard deviations of the returns of the two stocks
  
  C. will be positive if the actual returns on both stocks are consistently below their expected returns at the same time
  
  【本题答案】C
  
  【本题解析】CFA Covariance 协方差取值范围是(-∞,+∞),A选项错。B选项关于协 方差的计算描述是错误的,C选项当两只股票的实际收益同时都低于其期望收益率, 那么协方差是正值,正确。

 
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  CFA考试通过率高吗,cfa考试科目难吗
  
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